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One Unknown Word Per Sentence: i+1 Comes to Fill in the Blank

Krashen's i+1 hypothesis says the best input is comprehensible except for one new piece. Fill in the Blank now prefers real example sentences where the blank is your only unknown word — computed free, on-device, from your own review history.

ScienceNikola Artukov7 min read

Every round of Fill in the Blank shows you a real sentence with one word missing, and you have to supply it. The sentence itself has always mattered for how well the round teaches you anything — a garbled or oddly translated example is a bad round no matter how correct your answer is. What's new is which sentence gets picked for a given word, out of however many candidates exist for it.

The idea behind i+1#

Stephen Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis is one of the most cited ideas in second-language acquisition: people acquire language from input that is almost entirely understandable, with a small stretch — one notch beyond current ability — built in. He called that stretch i+1: your current level, i, plus a single increment. Too far below your level and there's nothing left to learn; too far above and there's nothing to anchor the new piece to. The zone that actually works is narrow, and it's defined by how much of the surrounding material you already understand, not by how hard the new item is in isolation.

Applied to a single sentence, i+1 has a very literal shape: every word is known except one, and that one is exactly what you're being asked to produce. Fill in the Blank already had the "one word missing" part built in by design — the blank is always the tested word. What it didn't have, until now, was any sense of whether the rest of the sentence was actually i+1 for the person reading it, or whether it happened to be stuffed with three other words they'd never seen.

What actually changed#

Fill in the Blank has always ranked candidate sentences by quality — sentence length in a comfortable range, a reasonable word count, whether a translation is available, whether the target word appears in a clean, exact form. That quality bar hasn't moved. There's now a second pass on top of it: among sentences that clear the quality bar, the app checks every other word in the sentence against your personal vocabulary — the same mastery and review data behind mastery-aware blending and the vocabulary graph — and prefers the candidate where the fewest other words are unfamiliar to you.

The result is that two learners studying the exact same word can be shown two different sentences, each i+1 for them specifically:

Candidate sentence for "aeropuerto"Who it fitsWhy
El ___ está muy lejos del centro.A beginner who knows estar, muy, lejos, centroEvery surrounding word is already familiar — only the blank is new
Perdimos el vuelo porque el tráfico cerca del ___ era terrible.An advanced reader comfortable with perdimos, vuelo, tráfico, cercaRicher, more natural sentence — still fully comprehensible for this reader

Both sentences are real, human-written examples that existed in the pool already. Nothing was generated for either learner — the app simply picked the one that leaves them with a single, isolated gap instead of a sentence that's difficult in three places at once.

The preference is bounded, on purpose#

i+1 fit is a preference inside the existing quality ranking, not a replacement for it. A well-formed, well-translated sentence where you know all but one word still loses to nothing — but a sentence that's otherwise weak (odd phrasing, no translation, an unnatural word count) doesn't win just because it happens to score well on i+1. If the best i+1 match for a word is a poor-quality sentence and a good-quality sentence is available with one extra unfamiliar word in it, the app can still choose the good-quality one. The point is to break ties and near-ties among already-decent candidates in favor of the one that puts you in the comprehensible-input sweet spot — not to chase a perfect i+1 score at the expense of a sentence that actually reads well.

It also isn't static. Your vocabulary changes every week — words graduate from learning to mastered, new words get saved — so the same word pool for "aeropuerto" can rank differently next month than it does today, even though the sentences themselves haven't changed. There's nothing to configure: the ranking simply reflects your review history as it stands each time a session loads.

Known-ness also follows you through inflection, not just exact word matches. If your review history shows you know comer, a candidate sentence containing comí or comiendo is treated as containing a known word around the blank, not an unfamiliar one — the same inflection resolution that lets mastering despertar also credit despierta elsewhere in the app.

Where the sentences actually come from#

It's worth being precise here, because it would be easy to assume this means AI-generated sentences tailored to you — it doesn't. The sentence pool comes from Tatoeba, an open, community-built corpus of real, human-written sentences with translations, the same source Fill in the Blank has always used. What changed is entirely on the selection side: which existing, real sentence gets shown to which learner for a given word. No sentence is written or rewritten per user.

There's one narrow exception, and it predates this feature entirely: on words where Tatoeba genuinely has no usable sentence at all, Pro users fall back to a sentence generated by Gemini at an intermediate level. That fallback only fires when the corpus has nothing to offer — it isn't part of how i+1 selection works, and it hasn't changed.

What it costs#

Nothing. Your known-word set is assembled from data the app already has — the same spaced-repetition history that drives your review schedule — and the ranking happens on-device. No word you've saved or reviewed is sent anywhere for this feature, no extra network calls are made, and it's available to every learner regardless of subscription. This is one of the places where personalization is genuinely free: the intelligence is in how existing data gets used, not in any new AI call.

Frequently asked questions

What is Krashen's i+1 and why does it apply to example sentences?

Comprehensible input, from linguist Stephen Krashen, holds that language is acquired best from material that's almost entirely understood, with roughly one new element — the "+1" past your current level, i — to stretch toward. A fill-in-the-blank sentence is a natural fit for that shape: the blank is the +1, and the surrounding sentence is the comprehensible part, if every other word in it is genuinely familiar to the reader.

Does LingoBlend generate custom sentences for me based on my vocabulary?

No — this is a common assumption worth correcting directly. The sentences come from Tatoeba, an open corpus of real, human-written sentences with translations. Nothing is generated per user for this feature. What's personalized is which existing sentence, out of the available candidates for a word, gets selected for you specifically. The one narrow exception is a pre-existing Pro fallback that generates a sentence only when Tatoeba has no usable example at all for a word — unrelated to i+1 selection.

How does the app know which words I already know?

From the same spaced-repetition history that already powers your review schedule and mastery-aware blending — review counts, accuracy, and intervals per saved word, interpreted through the vocabulary graph on your device. It also resolves inflected forms, so knowing comer counts toward recognizing comí or comiendo in a candidate sentence, not just the bare dictionary form.

Will I always get the "perfect" i+1 sentence with zero other unknown words?

Not always, and that's intentional. The i+1 fit is one factor inside an existing quality ranking that also weighs sentence length, natural phrasing, and translation availability. A strong, well-translated sentence with one extra unfamiliar word can still beat a technically perfect i+1 match that reads awkwardly or has no translation. The preference nudges selection toward comprehensibility; it doesn't override sentence quality.

Does this change or slow down my spaced-repetition schedule?

No. This only affects which sentence is shown for a word that's already due — it has no effect on when that word comes up for review, how intervals are calculated, or anything else about the scheduling algorithm. It also costs nothing to run: the ranking happens on-device from data already stored locally, with no added network calls and no cost difference between free and Pro users.

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Nikola Artukov

Builder of LingoBlend. Writes about reading as a way into a language — the methods, the research behind them, and the practical workflows that make them fit into an ordinary week.

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